al 0.1 released!

What is OpenAL?

OpenAL is an open-source and free audio library developped by Creative Technology. The first version, however, was made by Loki Software. The API targets spacialized audio and sound managing so that it’s simple to simulate sound attenuation over distance and Doppler effect. OpenAL is supported on a wide variety of platforms, from PC (Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OSX and so on) to consoles (PS3, Xbox…).

The latest version was released in 2005 (9 years old ago!) and is OpenAL 1.1. It’s then pretty logical that we should have OpenAL 1.1 in Haskell.

OpenAL and Haskell

“Wait… we already have OpenAL in Haskell!”

That’s true. However, the OpenAL Haskell package has some serious issues.

The first one is that package is not a direct binding to OpenAL. It’s a high-level wrapper that wraps stuff with obscure types, like StateVar or ObjectName. Even though such abstractions are welcomed, we should have a raw binding so that people who don’t want those abstractions can still use OpenAL. Moreover, such high libraries tend to lift resources allocations / deallocations into the GC¹. That is a pretty bad idea because we, sometimes, want to control how long objects live.

The second one, which is as terrible, is the fact that those abstractions aren’t defined by the Haskell OpenAL package, but by another, which is… OpenGL. The latter is not a raw binding to OpenGL – for that have a look at OpenGLRaw or gl – but the same kind of high-level oriented package. A lot of us have asked the authors of both the package to agree of making those abstractions shared between both the libraries; they never seemed to agree.

And even though, having a dependency between OpenAL and OpenGL is insane!

Sooooo… since Edward Kmett had the idea of gl to fix similar issues, I think I should have the idea of al to go along with gl. The idea is that if you want to use one, you can use the other one without any conflict.

al 0.1

Yesterday night, around 20:00, I decided to make it. It took me several hours to write the raw binding, but I finally made it and released al 0.1 the very next day – uh, today!

Because OpenAL is not shipped with your ² nor anything special, and thus because you have to explicitely install it, installing al requires a bit more than just typing cabal install al.

Installing al

cabal update

First things first:

cabal update

You should have al available if you type cabal info al afterwards.

c2hs

al requires you to have c2hs – version 0.23.* – installed. If not:

cabal install c2hs

Be sure it’s correctly installed:

c2hs --version
C->Haskell Compiler, version 0.23.1 Snowbounder, 31 Oct 2014
  build platform is "i386-mingw32" <1, True, True, 1>

OpenAL SDK

Of course, you should have the OpenAL SDK installed as well. If not, install it. It should be in your package manager if you’re on Linux / FreeBSD, and you can find it here for Windows systems.

Important: write down the installation path, because we’ll need it!

Installing al

Here we are. In order to install, al needs the paths to your OpenAL SDK. I’m not sure whether it could vary a lot, though. The default Windows paths are:

• C:\Program Files (x86)\OpenAL 1.1 SDK\libs for the libraries ;
• C:\Program Files (x86)\OpenAL 1.1 SDK\include for the header files.

In future releases, I’ll default to those so that you don’t have to explicitely pass the paths if you have a default installation. But for the moment, you have to pass those paths when installing:

cabal install al --extra-lib-dirs="C:\Program Files (x86)\OpenAL 1.1 SDK\libs"
--extra-include-dirs="C:\Program Files (x86)\OpenAL 1.1 SDK\include"

Of course, you may adapt paths to your situation. You may even try without that for UNIX systems – it might already be in your PATH, or use slashs for MinGW.

Using al

al lays into two module trees:

• Sound.AL
• Sound.ALC

The former exports anything you might need to use the OpenAL API while the latter exports symbols about the OpenAL Context API. Please feel free to dig in each tree to import specific types or functions.

OpenAL documentation

al doesn’t have any documentation for a very simple reason: since it’s a raw binding to the C OpenAL API, you should read the C documentation. Translating to Haskell is straightforward.

The OpenAL 1.1 Specifications

What’s next?

Up to now, al doesn’t cover extensions. It’s not shipped with ALUT either as I want to keep the package low-level and raw – and don’t even try to make me change my mind about that ;) .

If you have any issues, please let me know on the issues tracker. I’m responsive and I’ll happily try to help you :) .

Once again, have fun, don’t eat too much chocolate nor sweets, and happy Easter Day!

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1. Garbage Collector↩

2. Operating System↩

Smoothie, a Haskell library for creating smooth curves

The smoother the better!

It’s been a while I haven’t written anything on my blog. A bit of refreshment doesn’t hurt much, what do you think?

As a demoscener, I attend demoparties, and there will be a very important and fun one in about a month. I’m rushing on my 3D application so that I can finish something to show up, but I’m not sure I’ll have enough spare time. That being said, I need to be able to represent smooth moves and transitions without any tearing. I had a look into a few Haskell spline libraries, but I haven’t found anything interesting – or not discontinued.

Because I do need splines, I decided to write my very own package. Meet smoothie, my BSD3 Haskell spline library.

Why splines?

A spline is a curve defined by several polynomials. It has several uses, like vectorial graphics, signal interpolation, animation tweening or simply plotting a spline to see how neat and smooth it looks!

Splines are defined using polynomials. Each polynomials is part of the curve and connected one-by-one. Depending on which polynomial(s) you chose, you end up with a different shape.

For instance, 1-degree polynomials are used to implement straight lines.

As you can see, we can define a few points, and interpolate in between. This is great, because we can turn a discrete set of points into lines.

Even better, we could use 3-degree polynomials or cosine functions to make each part of the spline smoother:

We still have discrete points, but in the end, we end up with a smooth set of points. Typically, imagine sampling from the spline with time for a camera movement. It helps us to build smooth moves. This is pretty important when doing animation. If you’re curious about that, I highly recommend having a look into key frames.

Using splines in Haskell

So I’ve been around implementing splines in Haskell the most general way as possible. However, I don’t cover – yet? – all kinds of splines. In order to explain my design choices, I need to explain a few very simple concepts first.

Sampling

A spline is often defined by a set of points and polynomials. The first point has the starting sampling value. For our purpose, we’ll set that to 0:

let startSampler = 0

The sampling value is often Float, but it depends on your spline and the use you want to make of it. It could be Int. The general rule is that it should be orderable. If we take two sampling values s and t, we should be able to compare s and t (that’s done through the typeclass constraint Ord in Haskell).

So, if you have a spline and a sampling value, the idea is that sampling the spline with startSampler gives you the first point, and sampling with t with t > startSampler gives you another point, interpolated using points of the spline. It could use two points, three, four or even more. It actually depends on the polynomials you use, and the interpolating method.

In smoothie, sampling values have types designed by s.

Control points

A spline is made of points. Those points are called control points and smoothie uses CP s a to refer to them, where s is the sampling type and a the carried value.

Although they’re often used to express the fact that the curve should pass through them, they don’t have to lie on the curve itself. A very common and ultra useful kind of spline is the B-spline.

With that kind of spline, the property that the curve passes through the control points doesn’t hold. It passes through the first and last ones, but the ones in between are used to shape it, a bit like magnets attract things around them.

Keep in mind that control points are very important and used to define the main aspect of the curve.

Polynomials

Polynomials are keys to spline interpolation. They’re used to deduce sampled points. Interpolation is a very general term and used in plenty of domains. If you’re not used to that, you should inquiry about linear interpolation and cubic interpolation, which are a very good start.

Polynomials are denoted by Polynomial s a in smoothie, where s and a have the same meaning than in CP s a.

Getting started with smoothie

Types and constraints

smoothie has then three important types:

• CP s a, the control points
• Polynomial, the polynomials used to interpolate between control points
• Spline s a, of course

The whole package is parameterized by s and a. As said earlier, s is very likely to require an Ord constraint. And a… Well, since we want to represent points, let’s wonder: which points? What kind of points? Why even “points”? That’s a good question. And this is why you may find smoothie great: it doesn’t actually know anything about points. It accepts any kind of values. Any? Almost. Any values that are in an additive group.

“What the…”

I won’t go into details, I’ll just vulgarize them so that you get quickly your feet wet. That constraint, when applied to Haskell, makes a to be an endofunctor – i.e. Functor – and additive – i.e. Additive. It also requires it to be a first-class value – i.e. its kind should be * -> *.

With Functor and Additive, we can do two important things:

• First, with Functor. It enables us to lift computation on the inner type. We can for instance apply a single function inside a, like *k or /10.
• Then, with Additive. It enables us to add our types, like a + b.

We can then make linear combinations, like ak + bq. This property is well known for vector spaces.

The fun consequence is that providing correct instances to Functor and Additive will make your type useable with smoothie as carried value in the spline! You might also have to implement Num and Ord as well, though.

Creating a spline

Creating a spline is done with the spline function, which signature is:

spline :: (Ord a, Ord s) => [(CP s a, Polynomial s a)] -> Spline s a

It takes a list of control points associated with polynomials and outputs a spline. That requires some explainations… When you’ll be sampling the spline, smoothie will look for which kind of interpolation method it has to use. This is done by the lower nearest control point to the sampled value. Basically, a pair (cp,polynomial) defines a new point and the interpolation method to use for the curve ahead of the point.

Of course, the latest point’s polynomial won’t be used. You can set whatever you want then – protip: you can even set undefined because of laziness.

Although the list will be sorted by spline, I highly recommend to pass a sorted list, because dealing with unordered points might have no sense.

A control point is created by providing a sample value and the carried value. For instance, using linear’s V2 type:

let cp0 = CP 0 $ V2 1 pi

That’s a control point that represents V2 1 pi when sampling is at 0. Let’s create another:

let cp1 = CP 3.341 $ V2 0.8 10.5

Now, let’t attach a polynomial to them!

Hold that for me please

The simplest polynomial – wich is actually not a polynomial, but heh, don’t look at me that way – is the 0-degree polynomial. Yeah, a constant function. It takes the lower control point, and holds it everwhere on the curve. You could picture that as a staircase function:

You might say that’s useless; it’s actually not; it’s even pretty nice. Imagine you want to attach your camera position onto such a curve. It will make the camera jump in space, which could be desirable for flash looks!

Use the hold Polynomial to use such a behavior.

Oh yeah, it’s straightforward!

1-degree functions often describe lines. That is, linear is the Polynomial to use to connect control points with… straight lines.

Have fun on the unit circle!

One very interesting Polynomial is cosine, that defines a cosine interpolation, used to smooth the spline and make it nicer for moves and transitions.

Highway to the danger zone

If you’re crazy, you can experiment around with linearBy, which, basically, is a 1-degree polynomial if you pass id, but will end up in most complex shapes if you pass another function – (s -> s). Dig in documentation on hackage for further information.

Sampling our spline

Ok, let’s use a linear interpolation to sample our spline:

let spl = spline [(cp0,linear),(cp1,hold)]

Note: I used hold as a final polynomial because I don’t like using undefined.

Ok, let’s see how to sample that. smoothie exports a convenient function for sampling:

smooth :: Ord s => Spline s a -> s -> Maybe a

smooth spl s takes the sampling value s and maybe interpolate it in the spl spline.

“Maybe? Why aren’t you sure?”

Well, that’s pretty simple. In some cases, the curve is not defined at the sampling value you pass. Before the first point and after, basically. In those cases, you get Nothing.

That’s not the end

I wrote smoothie in a few hours, in a single day. You might have ideas. I want it to be spread and widely used by awesome people. Should you do graphics programming, sound programming, animation or whatever implying splines or smoothness, please provide feedback!

For people that would like to get contributing, here’s the github page and the issue tracker.

If no one comes up with, I’ll try to add some cubic interpolation methods, like hermitian splines, and one of my favorite, the famous Catmull Rom spline interpolation method.

As always, have fun hacking around, and keep doing cool stuff and sharing it!